The biggest mistake
Most online faculty know that discussion is one of the biggest advantages of online education. The increased think-time afforded by the asynchronous environment, coupled with the absence of public speaking fears, produces far deeper discussion than is usually found in face-to-face courses.
But many faculty undermine this natural advantage by crafting poor discussion questions. The number one mistake is to confuse a discussion question with an essay topic.
What are the three criteria used to judge whether patients are competent to make a medical decision for themselves? is not a discussion question. It's an essay question and should be left to an essay assignment. Students who are given this sort of question race to be the first to post an answer because they know that everyone else will just repeat what that person says in different words. Feeding course material back to the instructor is for individual assignments, not discussion. I've also seen instructors turn discussion into research assignments by requiring students to cite a certain number of outside sources in order to get full credit.
Discussion is, well, discussion. It's what you do with a colleague during lunch in the cafeteria. If I'm having a chat with you over coffee, I don't expect you to cite your points. If you want to bring up something that someone else said because you think it is relevant, that's fine, but I don't expect it. I mostly want to hear what
you think, not what someone else thinks.
I've come to believe that crafting good discussion questions is just plain hard and instructors fall back on essay questions for lack of better ideas. Below are some question types that will help generate real discussion.
Case study
Case studies are an ideal way to illuminate the practical consequences of different concepts. For example, in a medical ethics course I used the following:
A 72-year-old man is admitted to the hospital for a kidney transplant. His daughter is brought in as the best available match as a donor. As the man's doctor, you discover from the pre-op lab work that the daughter is not a suitable donor because she is not his biological daughter. What, if anything, do you tell the man, his wife, or the daughter?
This example provides an ideal way to explore how fundamental principles of privacy, physician honesty, and shielding a patient from harm collide in the real world. The question allows for a variety of answers, each of which takes the students deeper into the fundamental issues being taught in the course.
Controversy
Another good discussion device is to generate controversy with a statement that challenges common orthodoxy. Consider this question in an information security class:
A fundamental tenet of information security is that you must force the user to periodically change his or her password. But this practice actually undermines security. With constantly changing passwords, users are forced to write them down in an easy-to-find location or use an easy-to-guess algorithm (my street address followed by a ‘1,' then changed to a ‘2,' then changed to a ‘3,' etc.). We are better off letting users keep the same password indefinitely. Do you agree?
Also important is that a controversial statement needs to draw a fine line that allows for reasonable positions on both sides of the issue. It's not helpful to say something patently outrageous, such as “Passwords should not be required at all.” A good statement that challenges what is being presented in the readings demonstrates that the instructor considers the students co-investigators and allows them to draw upon their wider knowledge base to engage the issues.
Transfer
It's been argued that the highest form of understanding is demonstrated through transfer of principles to new situations. For example, I've taught the classic “Prisoners' Dilemma” (
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/PRISDIL.html) as part of my ethics and political theory courses. If you are not familiar with it, the upshot is that there are situations in which the rational choice for each individual involved leads to a situation that is not optimal for anyone. Think of it as the “invisible hand” in reverse.
The concept was developed as a way to understand political structures, but once you understand the concept—really understand it—you find that a lot of ordinary situations are prisoners' dilemmas. I'm a bike racer, and I realized that bike races are examples of the prisoners' dilemma. So one type of discussion question is to demonstrate the application of a concept to an entirely different situation and ask students to generate their own examples. Students can then evaluate how well the others' examples illustrate the concept.
The summary
A good way to end discussion threads is to post a summary of the main points as well as your thoughts on them. Revisiting material is good for retention, and these summaries demonstrate that you are keeping abreast of the discussion. Alternatively, you can assign different students to post summaries of each discussion.
I like to do video summaries. Something about hearing a voice and seeing a face captures our attention. It requires only a cheap webcam and a few minutes of my time. Don't toil over getting it perfect—it's discussion, remember. Just speak your mind for a few minutes, and post it as a video. I leave you with an example from one of my own courses.
Business Continuity Discussion Summary:
http://youtu.be/2iPkSNDJspY
