E-learning literature and research strongly suggest that online instructors should build their presence into a successful asynchronous course. Many faculty, however, often assume that replicating in-person presence requires a talking-head video in every module. Richard Mayer’s (2005) 12 principles for multimedia learning cast doubt on this assumption, highlighting that voice alone can effectively foster connection. Consider the engagement you feel when listening to an expressive NPR speaker or a podcast.
